Free Essays on Public Education Vs. Private Education

Government funded Education v/s Private Education A person’s training is one of the most significant factors in deciding if they will end up being a gainful citizen. That is the reason while considering instruction the nature of the training is nearly as significant as the instruction itself. So when tuition based schools came into the image the discussion at that point started among open and non-public schools. Confronting the innovative upset that we are experiencing without decent quality training an individual will be deserted. Despite the fact that open and tuition based schools are discrete organizations they need to follow certain rules so there are a great deal of likenesses between the two. For example, both educational systems have the goals of giving their understudies the best instruction inside their methods. Both have instructed experts that have chosen to give the remainder of their vocations to promoting the training of our childhood. They each have set up rule s wanting to keep it a positive learning condition. The two of them utilize state sanctioned testing as an instrument to assess the advancement of their understudies. They can likewise get to the shortcomings from these tests to improve the educational plan that they have formed. They additionally have clubs like volunteer gatherings that help out individuals in their encompassing network. There are additionally understudy governments where understudies choose understudies to enhance the learning condition in which they are. Schools likewise have extra curricular exercises like games where understudies contend with different schools where they learn school soul and how to fill in as a group. With these exercises understudies can ideally discover something that they appreciate investing their free energy. This additionally ideally keeps kids in the clear. Non-public schools have a ton to offer. The most significant thing they bring to the table is the elevated requirements that they set. With most of the understudies needing to accomplish at such significant levels this makes an extremely positive learnin... Free Essays on Public Education Vs. Private schooling Free Essays on Public Education Vs. Private schooling State funded Education v/s Private Education A person’s instruction is one of the most significant factors in deciding if they will end up being a gainful citizen. That is the reason while considering training the nature of the instruction is nearly as significant as the instruction itself. So when non-public schools came into the image the discussion at that point started among open and tuition based schools. Confronting the mechanical transformation that we are experiencing without decent quality training an individual will be deserted. Despite the fact that open and tuition based schools are independent foundations they need to follow certain rules so there are a ton of similitudes between the two. For example, both educational systems have the expectations of giving their understudies the best instruction inside their methods. Both have taught experts that have chosen to give the remainder of their professions to encouraging the training of our childhood. They each have se t up rules planning to keep it a positive learning condition. The two of them utilize government sanctioned testing as an apparatus to assess the advancement of their understudies. They can likewise get to the shortcomings from these tests to improve the educational plan that they have made. They likewise have clubs like volunteer gatherings that help out individuals in their encompassing network. There are additionally understudy governments where understudies choose understudies to enhance the learning condition in which they are. Schools likewise have extra curricular exercises like games where understudies go up against different schools where they learn school soul and how to fill in as a group. With these exercises understudies can ideally discover something that they appreciate investing their free energy. This additionally ideally keeps kids in the clear. Tuition based schools have a great deal to offer. The most significant thing they bring to the table is the exclusive exp ectations that they set. With most of the understudies needing to accomplish at such elevated levels this makes an exceptionally positive learnin...

Marketing Philosophy of Business Operating

The sonnet Mezzo Cammin by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow clarifies his remorseful life and his thinking at why he didn’t live it to its maximum capacity and what he looks like at his past. It at that point looks to his future as being close and bearing a gigantic load down on him. The manner in which Longfellow discusses his life is discouraging. He doesn’t discuss the great achievements, just the things he hasn’t done until he thinks over into the past and afterward forward at how the future might be. In the initial segment of the sonnet Longfellow discusses his life being mostly finished and everything that prevented him from truly carrying on with his life. In the absolute first couple of lines he says â€Å"I have neglected the years from me and have not satisfied the goal of my childhood, to assemble some pinnacle of tune with grand parapet. † This discussions about what he wishes he could’ve done while he was youthful and the things he wishes he achieved were remarkable things, so his lament is unneeded in my point of view. We will compose a custom article test on Verse Analysis Mezzo Cammin or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He proceeds to disclose he thought to much about his general surroundings to complete the things he needed, â€Å"Of anxious interests that would not be stilled, however distress, and a consideration that nearly murdered, kept me from what I may achieve yet;†. In the wake of recounting all the second thoughts he has, he figuratively clarifies his life as a slope and he is at the pinnacle thinking back to the past. He considers it to be a city â€Å"A city in the dusk diminish and huge, with smoking rooftops, delicate chimes, and glimmering lights†. The manner in which he clarifies the city appears to be tranquil. The manner in which he depicts delicate chimes and glimmering lights doesn’t appear to be a loathsome spot to be. This makes his look on his past faulty as though he considers the to be as something senseless now, and he doesn’t still feel those sentiments since his past was a decent spot. Or then again in another view he could be seeing his past as exhausting and nothing truly happened. He portrays it as evening time with smoking rooftops which could be seen as a peaceful spot where nothing energizing occurs. This could be the manner by which he sees his previous existence and why he laments not having achieved numerous things. Toward the finish of the sonnet, Longfellow talks about what's to come. He depicts it oddly, â€Å"And hear above me on the harvest time shoot The waterfall of Death far roaring from the statures. † These lines are open finished and in one manner he could be discussing passing as distant by the manner in which he portrays the roaring cascade high up. The reference to tallness could mean its at a decent separation that he can see it, yet its still far away. It could likewise mean he has a greater amount of his life to satisfy and his remorseful past doesn’t mean a lot to him any longer since he has his future to anticipate as he is on his figurative slope of life. In another view, he could be depicting demise as being directly around the bend and him taking a gander at it when he portrays the cascade. You could take a gander at it as him having a hazardous infection and him realizing his passing is coming soon, which could likewise depict the manner in which he sees his past brimming with lament. On the off chance that he realized the end is coming soon and he doesn’t accept he completely carried on with his life to how he wishes, the lament is justifiable and the waterfall of death bodes well in this perspective. By and large, this sonnet shows the past, present, and eventual fate of the author. His life is loaded with lament at focuses and afterward appears to be cheerful in others. This sonnet could be seen from numerous points of view however for the most part you comprehend it as a man who wishes he could change his past in light of the fact that he realizes his future is close and his life will before long be reaching a conclusion. References Greene, Erica, Tugba Bodrumlu, and Kevin Knight. Programmed investigation of cadenced verse with applications to age and interpretation. Procedures of the 2010 gathering on experimental techniques in common language handling. Relationship for Computational Linguistics, 2010. Austin, Norman. Toxophilism at the dim of the moon: idyllic issues in Homers Odyssey. Vol. 302. Univ of California Press, 1975. Dorf, Carol. Forming Mathematical Poetry. CAMPBELL, MARY BAINE. cc Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita. Content and Territory: Geographical Imagination in the European Middle Ages (1998): 15. Anderson, Ashley, et al. Authentic Biographical P1. WILCOX, JOHN C., EMILIO PRADOS, and Ignacio Javier Lã ³pez. Jardã ­n cerrado (Nostalgias, sueã ±os, presencias), 1940â€1946. (1998): 576-578. Hatzfeld, Helmut A. The issue of artistic translation reexamined. Orbis Litterarum 19.2†4 (1964): 66-76. MDZ. Yeats at Thirty and Seventy. Verse (1936): 268-277. Scanlon, Mara, and Chad Engbers, eds. Verse and Dialogism: Hearing Over. Springer, 2014.

Blog Archive Use Your Judgment on MBA Application Essay Details

Blog Archive Use Your Judgment on MBA Application Essay Details “Should I use Calibri or Times New Roman font for my essays?” “Should I list my GPA to the third or fourth decimal place?” “I don’t have enough space to enter my full title, so should I write ‘Vice President’ or ‘VP Sales’?” As candidates approach the application season, small questions start to ariseâ€"questions that often require using judgment to answer. We can safely say that no one was ever kept out of Harvard Business School for listing his/her GPA to the third decimal point or for abbreviating a title. Remember, the admissions officers are not punitive. They are not mean-spirited people, reading your application and searching for reasons to reject you. So, if you have a small lingering question about your application, you can connect with the Admissions Office and ask someone there. Most often, they will ask you to  use your judgment. As long as your broad story is compelling, the smallest details should take care of themselves. Share ThisTweet Essays

The Rise in the Number of Girls Suffering from Anorexia...

Statistics are often a bit of a hazard, but when it comes to those concerning an illness characterised by discretion, dishonour and deception, even that is an understatement. Statistics show a 60% rise in the number of young girls admitted to hospital with anorexia in England and disturbingly still rising. The mythology encompassing anorexia is a self-inflicted condition brought on by narcissism. Narcissism is a misinterpretation of what is, in reality, a life threatening disease whose cause remains obscure, whose treatment is inaccurate and whose classification is random. Anorexia kills more of its sufferers than any other illness. And it is vital we feed our society with greater knowledge of this critical disease to ensure that it doesn’t eat away the security and sustainability of our future generations. Anorexia nervosa is an illness which predominately attacks teenage girls or women in their early adult years. When they look into a mirror, they don’t see athin body; they see a revoltingly overweight body. Anorexia is a mental illness and must be treated. It is also a physical illness, an illness similar to starvation. Anorexic young women may feel dizzy and tired constantly, may lack emotional warmth, develop a gloomy personality, the everlasting symptoms of this bizarre suffering are never-ending. Though its symptoms are endless, but its cause? Veiled.Some claim that the media has a vigorous affluence on society, other prevail that it is down to free will of theShow MoreRelatedAnorexia Nervosa And Its Effects On Society1514 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of people are currently suffering from Anorexia. Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which people suffering drastically restrict food intake due to an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. There h as been an unfortunate increase in people suffering from Anorexia Nervosa over the past several decades. Anorexia can be caused by a combination of social, interpersonal, and psychological factors that must be resolved through treatment. Anorexia is an extremely dangerous disorderRead MoreEating Disorders : The Forgotten Issue1302 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent types of eating disorders, the main ones are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. Anorexia is probably the most well known of all the eating disorders, defined as â€Å"loss of appetite†, people with anorexia normally do not eat or eat very small portions (â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa†). Bulimia, is another eating disorder where people eat mass amounts of food and then discard the food from their body. (Bulimia Nervosa.) This is very different from anorexia but they both have similar reasoning behind themRead MoreThe Influence Of Media Reporting On Society s Perception Of Beauty1730 Words   |  7 PagesIn the words of Emma Stone, â€Å"you’re a human being, you live once and life is wonderful, so eat the damn red velvet cupcake† ( 2010, page number). It is evident that over the last decade the media has created an image that is unrealistic and unattainable for teenage girls. As such, based upon a macro perspective, the societal roles, status and expectations of young women have been impacted negatively. This paper will analyze how the combination of media reporting, socioeconomics and socioculturalRead MoreMedia’s Blow on Anorexia1054 Words   |  5 PagesMedia’s Blow on Anorexia About one in 200 persons in the United States will develop anorexia nervosa at some time. Ninety Percent are women (Anorexia Nervosa—Part 1 1). Anorexia is defined as an emotional disorder characterized by refusing to diet or eat. This is targeting young girls all across the world! This calamity is struck by something every person loves, social media. The media realm needs to be ceased from the websites that support dieting, celebrities displaying perfectionist bodiesRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Binge Eating Disorder1626 Words   |  7 PagesDid you know that four in ten girls aged 14 and 15 skip breakfast daily? Teenagers and even adults all over the world are suffering with various eating disorders very commonly due to the thin models they see on billboards, magazine covers, social media, and everywhere else they go. The common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder the earliest case of an eating disorder can be traced to pre historic times, and these disorders can have extremely negativeRead MoreThe Problem Of Eating Disorders Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorder, causing the affected person to eat far too much and experience pain, discomfort, and irritable bowel symptoms, bulimia which causes the affected person to purge their food through vomiting, and one of the most common eating disorders -- anorexia nervosa. (Eating Disorders, 2008) Many of these disorders can be treated in multiple ways, the most common way is through counselling with a social worker, the social worker helps develop a treatment plan for the client and aids them in their recoveryRead MoreTeenagers Are Suffering With Multiple Eating Disorders1484 Words   |  6 PagesIn America, many teenagers are suffering with multiple eating disorders. Once they begin to monitor what to eat, they tend to perform many exercise routines followed by the lack of not eating, these situations should be alarming to the parent that something is not right. Thus, what can we do to resolve this situation among teens? Parents should first become informed towards the issue which their child is facing and take action immediately to save their child from the dangerous activities. It is importantRead MoreEssay on Body Image2139 Words   |  9 Pagesis a symptom of anorexia nervosa (Kristen Harrison, 1997). Therefore, the commendation of such look and shape commercializes unhealthy body image and procreates eating disorders. Unfortunately, at present the commercialism of a perfect body is encountered by almost everyone on everyday basis. The public is bombarded daily with images of glamorously thin women in commercials, on billboards, in movies in magazines and etc?According to Melanie Katzman, a consultant psychologist from New York, the mediaRead MoreEssay about Anorexia Nervosa in Males: An Often Overlooked Minority1831 Words   |  8 PagesFor many the term â€Å"Anorexia† conjures up memories of bone thin, weight obsess ed teenage girls, models, and actresses. However, as the spotlight has been shined on Anorexia bringing this secretive and quiet disorder to a wider public perception, many still suffer in silence: either too ashamed to seek treatment, or because of an improper diagnosis. Over three million men each year are affected by Anorexia. In spite of this, men are less likely to be diagnosed, and the disorder is often overlookedRead MoreHealth And Social Work : The Aid For Anorexia Nervosa Essay2343 Words   |  10 PagesHealth and Social Work in Canada: Aid For Anorexia Nervosa Clients Eating disorders are diseases in which people have an unhealthy relationship with their food, and negative image reflecting how their body looks, such as, the fear of gaining weight. This type of body dysmorphia can lead to damaging eating habits, such as; starvation, purging, and even binging. Furthermore, there are numerous eating disorders recognized today, the most common being binge disorder, causing the affected person to eat

Natufian Period - Hunter-Gatherer Ancestors of the PPN

The Natufian culture is the name given to the sedentary Late Epi-Paleolithic hunter-gatherers living in the Levant region of the near east between about 12,500 and 10,200 years ago. The Natufians foraged for food such as emmer wheat, barley, and almonds, and hunted gazelle, deer, cattle, horse, and wild boar. The direct descendants of the Natufian (known as the pre-pottery Neolithic or PPN) were among the earliest farmers on the planet. Natufian Communities For at least part of the year, Natufian people lived in communities, some quite large, of semi-subterranean houses. These semi-circular one-room structures were excavated partly into the soil and built of stone, wood and perhaps brush roofs. The largest Natufian communities (called base camps) found to date include Jericho, Ain Mallaha, and Wadi Hammeh 27. Smaller, short-range dry season foraging camps may have been part of the settlement pattern, although evidence for them is scarce. The Natufians located their settlements at the boundaries between coastal plains and hill country, to maximize their access to a wide variety of food. They buried their dead in cemeteries, with grave goods including stone bowls and dentalium shell. Some Natufian groups were seasonally mobile, while some sites show evidence of multiple-season occupation, along with long-term reoccupation, long-distance travel, and exchange. Nastasic / Getty Images Natufian Artifacts Artifacts found at Natufian sites include grinding stones, which were used to process seeds, dried meats, and fish for planned meals and to process ochre for likely ritual practices. Flint and bone tools and dentalium shell ornaments are also part of Natufian cultural material. Over 1,000 pierced marine shells have been recovered from Epipaleolithic sites in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea region. Specific tools such as stone sickles created for harvesting various crops are also a hallmark of Natufian assemblages. Large middens (organic rubbish dumps) are known at Natufian sites, located where they were created (rather than recycled and placed in secondary refuse pits). Dealing with refuse is one defining characteristics of the descendants of the Natufians, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Grains and Beer Making in the Natufian Some fairly rare evidence suggests that that the Natufian people may have cultivated barley and wheat. The line between horticulture (tending wild stands of crops) and agriculture (planting new specific stands) is a fuzzy one and difficult to discern in the archaeological record. Most scholars believe that moving to agriculture was not a one-time decision, but rather a series of experiments that may well have taken place during the Natufian or other hunter-gatherer subsistence regimes. Researchers Hayden et al. (2013) compiled circumstantial evidence that the Natufians brewed beer and used it in the context of feasting. They argue that production of beverages from fermented barley, wheat, and/or rye may well have been an impetus for early agriculture, for assuring that a ready source of barley was available. Getty Images / Getty Images Natufian Archaeological Sites Natufian sites are located in the Fertile Crescent region of western Asia. Some of the important ones include: Israel: Mt. Carmel, Ain Mallaha (Eynan), Hayonim Cave, Nahal Oren, Rosh Zin, Rosh Horesha, Skhul Cave, Hilazon Tachtit, Kebara Cave, Raqefet CaveJordan: Wadi Hammeh, Wadi Judayid, Kharaneh IV, Jilat 6Syria: Abu HureyraPalestine: JerichoTurkey: Gobekli Tepe Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to the Origins of Agriculture, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Bar-Yosef O. 2008. ASIA, WEST: Palaeolithic Cultures. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 865-875. Grosman L, and Munro ND. 2016. A Natufian Ritual Event. Current Anthropology 57(3):311-331. Grosman L, Munro ND, and Belfer-Cohen A. 2008. A 12,000-year-old burial from the southern Levant (Israel) – A case for early Shamanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(46):17665–17669. Hayden, Brian. What Was Brewing in the Natufian? An Archaeological Assessment of Brewing Technology in the Epipaleolithic. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Neil Canuel, Jennifer Shanse, Volume 20, Issue 1, SpringerLink, January 31, 2012. Hayden BD. 2008. AGRICULTURE: Social Consequences. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 123-131. Lengyel G, Nadel D, and Bocquentin F. 2013. The Natufian at Raqefet Cave. In: Bar-Yosef O, and Valla FR, editors. Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia. Ann Arbor, Michigan: International Monographs in Prehistory. p 478-504. Maher LA, Richter T, Macdonald D, Jones MD, Martin L, and Stock JT. 2012. Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan. PLoS ONE 7(2):e31447. Maher LA, Richter T, and Stock JT. 2012. The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-term Behavioral Trends in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 21(2):69-81. Maher LA, Stock JT, Finney S, Heywood JJN, Miracle PT, and Banning EB. 2011. A Unique Human-Fox Burial from a Pre-Natufian Cemetery in the Levant (Jordan). PLoS ONE 6(1):e15815. March RJ. 2013. Searching fro the functions of fire structures in Eynan (Mallaha) and their formation processes: a Geochemical approach. In: Bar-Yosef O, and Valla FR, editors. Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia. Ann Arbor, Michigan: International Monographs in Prehistory. p 227-283. Nadel D, Danin A, Power RC, Rosen AM, Bocquentin F, Tsatskin A, Rosenberg D, Yeshurun R, Weissbrod L, Rebollo NR et al. 2013. Earliest floral grave lining from 13,700–11,700-y-old Natufian burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(29):11774-11778. Rosen AM, and Rivera-Collazo I. 2012. Climate change, adaptive cycles, and the persistence of foraging economies during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(10):3640-3645. Yeshurun R, Bar-Oz G, Kaufman D, and Weinstein-Evron M. 2013. Domestic refuse maintenance in the Natufian: Faunal evidence from el-Wad terrace, Mount Carmel. In: Bar-Yosef O, and Valla FR, editors. Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia. Ann Arbor, Michigan: International Monographs in Prehistory. p 118-138. Yeshurun R, Bar-Oz G, Kaufman D, and Weinstein-Evron M. 2014. Purpose, permanence, and perception of 14,000-year-old architecture: Contextual taphony of food refuse. Current Anthropology 55(5):591-618. Yeshurun R, Bar-Oz G, and Nadel D. 2013. The social role of food in the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32(4):511-526.

Analysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello - 992 Words

Elleana Morrison Professor Connor Shakespeare 340 Midterm Paper, Prompt 5 7 April 2016 A Black Iago Othello is, in the opinion of many, one of Shakespeare’s most prolific plays. It broke the mold by assigning the lead protagonist role to a black man, and the central love story is of that between this older black man and a young white woman. Othello has perhaps the most wicked- and likable- villain in all of Shakespeare’s work. It has love- both fulfilled and unrequited, family conflict, rebelling daughters, paranoia, manipulation, war, revelry, betrayal, and homicide. Iago, the villain, has a gift for twisting events to appear the way he wishes them to. He is clever and scheming, often comedic, and serves himself above all others. He knows no loyalties, even to his spouse, that supersede those to his own interests. What makes him so likable is that he so wholly embraces this aspect of himself. What makes Iago so heinous is that his motivations for his scheming are never really clear. One theory is that he believes his wife to have been unfaithful to him w ith Othello. Another common interpretation many come to when looking at his dialogue, especially about Othello, one would think that perhaps he just had a particularly bad case of racism.As Iago is typically played by a white actor, this is a feasible argument. But with the recent casting of a black actor in the role in the 2016 production from the Royal Shakespeare Company in the UK, there is a need to reevaluate theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Othello s Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pages Racist Ideology As Seen In Othello As a writer, William Shakespeare possessed an uncanny ability to address topics that were, for the most part, unnoticed in society. Every one of his characters feels realistic because they are so complex and based on psychological motivations. When Shakespeare’s Othello was first written, there was undoubtedly a complicated relationship between white English citizens and so called â€Å"foreigners†. However, society’s inability to understand or accept different culturesRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello, By William Shakespeare1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhen pairs of texts are considered together, their universal themes and ideas lead to greater understanding, appreciation and insight of both the old and the new. The texts Othello, William Shakespeare (1600) and Othello, Geoffrey Sax (2001), ring true for this statement. Despite the differing contexts and ages, the universal themes of racism and betrayal bring new meaning to each of the texts. The primary meaning from the juxtaposition of the two is that of the human condition, and how the problemsRead MoreAnalysis of William Shakespeare ´s Othello737 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragedy of Othello, a play by William Shakespeare, was written in the early 1600’s. If Othello was written in a different time, 21st century America, the view of people of different genders and races would differ, women would be held to a more equal social standard and the issue of Othello being black, wouldn’t be as prominent when he marries Desdemona. This play was written in a time where it was essential to follow cultural values. During this time women were expected to respect all maleRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello889 Words   |  4 Pagesthey saw as issues in their respective cultures and societies. William Shakespeare in one of his most famous plays Othello lies out a problem which he thought was pertinent enough for him to deal with directly, that is the problem of race. Othello was a Moor, a man of African descent who was put in a hostile situation by being put in Venice a primarily white society. The role of race in Othello and the kind of language used by Shakespeare throughout the play point towards Othello’s race and how othersRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello1449 Words   |  6 PagesHow to Survive Your First Relationship William Shakespeare, the Elizabethan poet and playwright, wrote his plays within one of four genres: comedy, tragedy, history, or romance. These genres make his plays very different from one another; however, they all share common characteristics. Shakespeare incorporates a message for his audience to become aware that ultimately teaches a lesson. In Othello, the message Shakespeare portrays to his audience is the importance self-knowledge; which is the abilityRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello1603 Words   |  7 PagesMAJOR WORKS REVIEW GENERAL 1. Title - Othello 2. Author - William Shakespeare 3. Date of Original Publication - 1622 4. Novel Type - Play STRUCTURE 1. Point of View - Iago 2. Relationship to meaning: The reader sees things the way that Iago sees them. This gives the reader an inside look on Iago’s evil plans, which also leads to a better understanding of all of the other characters, but Iago especially. The reader sees how Iago manipulates so many of the characters, like Roderigo and MontanoRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello950 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristic in a person. Iago appears to demonstrate insane, mad behavior, but a discerning eye reveals otherwise. Iago?s manipulation over people leads to the death of Roderigo, Desdemona, and Othello. In Othello, by William Shakespeare, Iago?s jealousy over not being lieutenant is mistaken for madness and portrayed through irrational behavior. Firstly, Iago poisoned Roderigo?s thoughts to try and win Desdemona over, which in the end brings him to his untimely death. Iago provokes Roderigo to sellRead MoreAnalysis of The Theme of Language in William Shakespeare ´s Othello802 Words   |  3 PagesIn Othello, one of the most interesting enigmas is the relationship between the spoken language and knowledge (or lack their of) which eventually leads to the downfall of Othello. One might contend that Othello’s lack of understanding throughout the play derives itself from the powerful, toxic language of Iago, which poisons the otherwise sound, knowledgeable mind of Othello. One might be comfortable with the idea that language has such a powerful, direct effect on human beings and can be used toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello As A Tragic Hero1323 Words   |  6 Pagesown demise. William Shakespeare’s Othello the Moore of Venice is a play about a heroic individual that goes through a tragic event based on h is decisions throughout the play. Many of the characters that Shakespeare presents in his plays reveal attitudes and value that is reflective of both the Elizabethan society in sixteenth century England and William Shakespeare; these values are evident in the context of the Venetian society that Othello takes place in. Through Othello Shakespeare embodies hisRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Works Of Shakespeare1126 Words   |  5 Pages Before I start right off in this essay, I believe it s only fair you should know a little back story of the author himself; William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was born April 26, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, which is located in the United Kingdom. Even though his goals were to become an actor, he fell into writing and become one of the most well-known writers in his life. There s a lot of controversy surrounding Shakespeare and there s many people who believe that he, himself did not write his famous

Camping free essay sample

Hey, be careful and dont do anything stupid, my dad said to me right before I hopped into Chase Millers dark blue Chevy S-IO with a camper shell on the back. I looked at Chase and Tyler Becker and said, Lets go camping. As Chase pushed down the gas pedal, a big cloud of black smoke shot out of the back of the truck and the smell of burning motor oil filled the cab. It was in July, and we wanted to go camping. I asked my dad if we could go up to our familys cabin in Elk Springs, which is near Montrose. He agreed, so Chase, Tyler and I, all sixteen years old, packed our stuff and were ready to go camping. With excitement, we Jumped into Chases truck, and took off to the woods. It takes a good hour and forty-five minutes drive to get there from my house, and the drive gets a little boring. Chases truck was full of Junk. I found a roll of fishing line, and we got this bright idea to tie a piece of plastic to the end of the fishing line. I rolled down the window and threw out the plastic piece while holding on to the roll of fishing line. I let out more and more line, until the end was way out there. People would drive up to it and be confused, because they wouldnt see the fishing line, Just the plastic piece. Before I knew it, we were pulling up to the cabin. When we stopped, the first thing I did when I got out was take a deep breath. Then I said, What do you guys want to do? Chase Just shrugged his shoulder. Tyler suggested, Lets take a hike. We all agreed to that, because it sounded fun. As we were walking away from the cabin, I remembered that I brought a slingshot. I thought it would be fun to shoot rocks at stuff, so I suddenly said, Wait for me. I have o get something. I ran to my bag, which was still in Chases truck, and grabbed the slingshot. We took off into the woods. Every now and then we would stop, and Tyler and Chase would carve pointed sticks, and we would try to shoot birds, trees and other animals with rocks. We all sucked shooting the slingshot; we couldnt hit anything. As we were walking through the forest, we saw a clearing in the forest. We went to go see what it was. The clearing was a spot where people were logging. The logging company had all their equipment laying out everywhere. We slowly peeked our heads ut to see if the loggers were working. None were to be found. So, we walked up to the equipment to check it out. There was a big truck loaded logs on to the logging trucks. They had about four chainsaws laying there and another big truck that cut the trees down. Since it was private land that they were logging on, they didnt have to lock up. All the doors were open. Of course, we all had to get in them and play around with the controls. Tyler started to honk the horn in the semi-trucks. The horn hear us. About an hour passed, and we got bored of messing around with all their stuff, so we ecided to keep hiking. Tyler grabbed the slingshot and I made sure everything was put back how it was. As we were walking away Tyler was shooting rocks at the logging truck. We were about fifty yards out, and he couldnt hit it. Chase and I were standing there watching him, laughing and telling him that he sucked, because he couldnt hit a huge target. After about fifty shots and not one hit from him, Tyler said, Here, you try. I have to take a piss. I grabbed the sling shot from him and picked up a round pebble, about the size of a small marble, off the ground. I loaded the pebble in the eather pouch and drew both my hands up. With a firm grip of the handle of the slingshot in my left hand and squeezing the pebble in leather pouch with my right hand, I slowly pulled back. When the rubber band was fully stretched out, I closed one eye and took aim right towards the truck. Before I even thought about what I was doing I let go of the sling. The sling snapped forward launching the marble size rock towards the truck. A split second later, the rock crashed threw the window, and the sound of breaking glass filled the air. I remember yelling, OH SH#@! LETS GET OUT OF HERE! Tyler couldnt even finish what he was doing. We all hauled butt out of there as fast as were could. After we were a good distance away, we stopped, let Tyler finish what he was doing, and let my nerves calm down. I took a couple of deep breaths and something horrible popped into mind: my dad saying, Dont do anything stupid. I felt so bad. We decided to go back to look at the damage. As we were going back I was trying to figure ways out of this. When we got there, there was glass all over the place. The whole window was blown out into tiny pieces of safety glass. Tyler got an idea to make it ook like an accident. His idea was to lean a tree up against the truck to make it look like it fell and broke the window, but there was only one problem, there were no trees around. They had logged them all. Then I got an idea, which wasnt much better. My idea was to find a dead bird and put in on the seat by the broken window, making it look like the bird flew through window. We walked around looking for a dead bird. We had no luck. Then we all took turns shooting rocks at birds to try to kill one. No luck there either. By this time it was getting late and we were getting hungry, so we tarted to head back to the cabin. All night I couldnt get Dont do anything stupid out of my head. My conscience was getting to me. I tried to think of ways to tell my dad, and how harsh of a punishment he would give me. I woke up about 10:00 a. m. , and I heard the loggers working. We decided to go see. As we got closer, we made sure that they couldnt see us. While hiding behind trees, Tyler started to make a howling noise. The man with the chainsaw heard the noise, shut off his chainsaw, looked around, and then he went back to work. Tyler did it a second time, even louder than the first. This time the man shut off the chainsaw, set so we took off running through the woods, laughing all the way back to the cabin. When we got back, we started to pack to get home early. We Just got done packing up, and this gut ache came to me. I was getting nervous to go home. I kept thinking what my dad said to me. We Jumped into the truck, and took off to go home. On the way home, I decided to tell my dad when I got back. We pulled into my driveway and I got really nervous. I hopped out of the truck and grabbed my stuff. I could hear my dad say, Dont do anything stupid in my head ver and over. As I walk up to the front door he was there to greet me. He asked, Did you have fun? With a sorrowful look on my face, I replied, Yeah. I broke a window. Before I realized what I was saying, I had told him. I thought he was going to go off on me and give me a harsh punishment, but he didnt. He Just told me to do what I think is best. I ended up talking to the owner of the logging company and paying $104. 31 out of my pocket for the broken window. I should have listened to my dad a little better when he told me, Dont do anything stupid.

Peace and Conflict Resolution

The main idea put forward in film, The Fog of War directed by Errol Morris explores whether those who took part in the Vietnam War are contrite, or excusatory for the negative effects brought about by the war. The director supports his claims by staging a series of interviews with the then secretary of defense. He also uses other media resources such as television news and press reports dating back to the time of the war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace and Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through these sources, the audience gets direct information about how the war started, proceeded, and ended. Through interviews, the director vividly brings out McNamara’s character and life history. McNamara’s endeavor to avoid the one question that seeks to know whether he was really doing the will of the people when he masterminded the war that killed many, shows some guilt or fear of judgment (Holden Para.9). He responds by saying that his actions always hinged on tall orders from the president of people-by-people; therefore, obeying everything that the president said, meant doing the will of the people. McNamara’s career during the time he was the president of central bank, his family life including death of his wife, and his tenure as defense secretary are valuable pieces of information that the director explores. Through the interaction between the director, McNamara, and a series of events like numerous phone calls during the interview describing events during the war, the audience is able to get a clear view of the Vietnam War and its effects. Morris, the director of the film is concerned about the historical, economic, and social setting that prevailed during the Vietnam War. During the interview with McNamara, the director’s choice of questions seeks to unveil the historical events that accompanied the Vietnam War. The mention of the fire ly nching of Japanese nationals by firebombs and the bizarre bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brings out the historical setting of the film. The life of McNamara at this historical time also underscores the social setting that Morris seeks to explore. At one point during the numerous series of interviews, McNamara talks about his social life. He talks about the hard family life he led before engaging in any government duty or his time as a Defense Secretary. He talks of a tumultuous life that subjected his family to depression; something he believes accelerated the unfortunate demise of his wife (Powell Para.16). His life after serving as the President of Central bank also comes out.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A revelation comes out pointing out that during this period; he spent most of his time in activities to benefit the poor, as well as those inclined at making the world a better place. Conventional wisdom holds that, the Vietnam War caused mass destruction and downward slump of the economy (Risen Para.9). This fact underscores the director’s interest in the then economic setting as shown when Morris and McNamara talk about issues such as comparison of bombing of a series of Japanese towns to bombing of an equal number of U.S towns that are of similar size. In this comparison, Morris seeks to explain the extent of damage to the Japanese economy courtesy of the war. The film finds a lot of relevance in contemporary happenings. All over the world, political enmity exists between different nations and absence of an amicable solution to the same would result in similar war as the Vietnam War. The statement by McNamara, which explains why he did what he did, finds significance in the current society. It shows how those working under powerful men are torn between doing what is right and wrong, since they act under directions from their superiors (Ka plan Para.12). When asked why he willingly, as a Defense Secretary, approved the war, he categorically says that he was carrying out the orders of a democratically chosen president; after all, a president chosen by people would represent the people so his/her will is the will of the people. True to the theme of this film, peace between nations is an important tool for coexistence. In the current world, there exist states that are purely enemies to one another; for example, the recent enmity between Iraq and the United States led to the death of thousands of Iraqis and U.S soldiers. Failure to resolve the impeding animosity resulted in forceful entry of the U.S soldiers into Iraq and bloodshed resembling the Vietnam War case ensued. This phenomenon indicates the importance of international peace. The Fog of War film is relevant to peace and conflict studies since it carries the theme of conflict and peace. During an interview in the film, McNamara says that in the period preceding th e Vietnam War, there had been a long period of cold wars.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace and Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, McNamara implies that even though there was nothing direct to insinuate war, there was tension between the two nations. The presence of cold war means absence of peace, which is a subject of discussion in the peace and conflict resolution studies. Learning the failures by those engaged in this war, students would learn how the concerned parties should have resolved the conflict that led to the war as a way of conflict resolution. Works Cited Errol, Morris, dir. The Fog War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara. Radical Media, 2003. Film. Holden, Stephen. â€Å"The Fog War.† The New York Times, 2003. Web. Kaplan, Fred. The Evasions of Robert McNamara: What’s true and what’s a lie in  The Fog of War, 2003. Web. Powell, Bonnie. â€Å"Robert McNamara, Errol Morris returns to Berkeley to share lessons Learned from Fog of War.† UC Berkeley News, 2004. Web. Risen, Clay. â€Å"The Fog of War.† Flak Magazine, 2003. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Peace and Conflict Resolution was written and submitted by user Aubrianna Mccarthy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Peace and Conflict Resolution Introduction In the world there have been many conflicts in human interactions. These usually result from struggle for getting access and control over various natural resources such as land, minerals and water among others and due to differing political interests. There are usually disagreements between the parties involved which sometimes lead to wars.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace and Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When these wars arise, sometimes the member parties require external intervention in bringing it to an end. There are various means of preventing arise of conflicts. The method of approach to each conflict is usually different from each other. This is mainly due to the root cause of the conflict in reference to internal and external factors and the possible consequences of the intervention to the parties involved, citizen and the world as a whole. Thus in undertaking any intervention, it is good to observe the best way out of the conflict. This paper seeks to look into peace and conflict resolution taking critical analysis of the cases in Rwanda and Libya. It is to evaluate whether intervention by external organizations such as the UN was necessary citing the similarity and differences in both cases. Rwanda Genocide The Rwandan genocide was as a result of conflict between the Hutus and the Tutsi. There had been power competition in Rwanda with the tribe in power being oppressive. It was easy to identify the ethnicity of a person from the national identification card. There had been other conflicts before the genocide that left many people dead. They played significant role in dividing the people in ethnic lines. Rwanda was a dictatorial country by the end of 1980’s. There were even regulations restricting interaction between the Hutus and Tutsi for example in the military forces. There were many refugees outside Rwanda who were denied access back to their mother country. This led them to organize themselves into various groups and find their way back. These troops such as the Rwandan patriotic front attacked Rwandan government from outside the country in 1990-1992. This led to the rise of more ethnic tensions, displacement and the death of so many Tutsi.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The death of the Rwandan president in 1994 from an assassination led to the eruption of the massacre. The Hutus attacked the Tutsi killing them. In response to the attacks, the Rwandan patriotic front fought for about three months to overcome the Hutus. This led to more than half a million people dying. There were meeting on how to settle the disagreement in Tanzania before the genocide. France was observed to take side in support of the government. The international intervention to stop the genocide was not present despite t he information about the planning. This led to the killings of many civilians in respect to the tribe they belonged to. This was because there was information about the planning of the massacre yet nothing significant was done. Libya Crisis Muamar Gaddafi has been the leader in Libya for over forty years. During this time he has strengthened his political strength by appointing selected member to be in charge of crucial sectors of his government. There has been uneven distribution of resources and power. This led to the emergence of rival groups. The country is well developed. There have been the revolution movements in most of the North African nations aimed at initiating change in the governance but stopped when it landed on Libya. There was a delay in provision of housing by the government to the citizens and allegations of misuse of power that led to the protest. In response to the protest Gadaffi used his military on the civilians. The rebels on the other hand started fighting aiming to capturing the oil towns. This has led to the death of many in the struggle for power. The civil fighting in Libya has attracted the intervention of the western country. These countries have deployed military intervention in Libya to help in calming the situation. The military intervention was backed up by the United Nations. This intervention has led to the destruction of many properties. In the case of Libya, other means of solving the problem could have been used with the military intervention being the last option. Despite the intervention bringing peace in the country, there are many other repercussions that follow. This is evident in cases of Iraq and Afghanistan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace and Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been intentions by the some countries arming the rebels with more weapons. This step is not right as it is likely to encourage the continuous persistent and development of the war. This means that more people are to lose their lives and that this will create more and more separation (Simpson 1). The civil wars in Rwanda and Libya have similarity. In both there were specific persons who were at power and denied the others their rights. This led to the emergence of opposition and eventually civil war which caused loss of lives to many. In the Rwanda genocide, there was no intervention by the United Nations despite the information about the planning. In the Libya crisis, the United Nation intervention was very fast. It has taken sides and though intervention is good, on the other side it has its repercussions. The bloodshed in Libya is less than that of the Rwandan genocide with both parties armed with warfare machinery such as grenade and missile launchers. The intent of civil war in Rwanda was due to ethnical differences which is not the case in Libya. There are argument that the quick intervention is based on t he oil that is present in Libya and the lack of cooperation between Gaddafi and the west. Work Cited Rwanda. Rwanda: How the genocide happened. BBC, 2008. Web. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1288230.stm Simpson, John. Halt to rebel advancing creates Libya divide. New Africa, 2011. Web. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12901820 This essay on Peace and Conflict Resolution was written and submitted by user Ella Salinas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

My Political Views essays

My Political Views essays I consider myself to be a moderate to strong republican. It took me a long time to realize what degree I was. Most people know what party they are but few know how strong their beliefs are. After looking at the republican platform and comparing my views on the issues, which are: gun control, immigration, national language, capital punishment, and welfare reform; I found out that I am a much stronger republican than I earlier thought. The republican platform believes in welfare reform that eliminates waste, fraud, and abuse; require work from those who are able to work; limit the time allowed on public assistance; and reduce the burden on the taxpayer. They also believe that all Americans have the God given right to be safe in their homes, on their streets, and in their communities. They believe in tougher law enforcement, with stiffer penalties, eliminating the loopholes in our justice system today, and finding judges who respect the law and its law-abiding people. They also believe that our government is too large to be tuely effective. They believe that the people know what is best for them. They oppose discrimination and that people believe that people should be judges by ability rather than race, creed, or disability. They believe in a united America through one national language for all federal business. They also believe that in order to protect the environment we need some type of population control so the generations to come will be able to live the American dream. In my point of view gun control is about as strict as it needs to get. Any law-abiding citizen without any criminal record should be able to buy and own any gun. This includes semi or automatic weapons. An argument to this is what do they need an automatic gun for? Let me just compare that to something else like cars. The speed limit now at the most is seventy-five miles per hour. What do people need with cars that go one hundred fifty miles pe...

Application for UNSW Golden Jubilee Scholarship Essay

Application for UNSW Golden Jubilee Scholarship - Essay Example I wish to be able to develop vaccine that can be taken by healthy people in order to prevent the entry of the HIV virus into their system. A scholarship is the only way that I will be able to kick start my scientific career quest. With a little bit of luck, I will become one of the lucky recipients of the Golden Jubilee Scholarship and be given a rare opportunity to dive head first into the world of Biotechnology. As an actively participating student of UNSW, each moment that I am on campus shall be spent in preparation for my future career. I shall spend as much time as possible learning from the available mentors and presenting my ideas for the HIV vaccine to other students and faculty members who may be able to help me get a head start in the development process. Perhaps I will get a grant that will allow me to do scientific studies of the HIV virus and its mutations in an effort to help curb the spread of the virus. I will continuously involve my schoolmates who share the same interest and passion for biotechnology as I do. Hopefully, we will be able to organize ourselves into the pioneer group that shall concentrate on the vaccine development, thus catapulting UNSW to the forefront of HIV research and de velopment. I am looking forward to enrolling at UNSW so that I can expand upon my existing knowledge of biological and industrial processes involved in the biotechnological area. Upon graduation, I hope to see my name become synonymous with breakthrough biotechnological advancements and treatments of various illnesses. I am serious about my ambitions and goals. I hope that the Golden Jubilee Scholarship will do just

The play Lucky Spot Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The play Lucky Spot - Thesis Example It is obvious from the beginning of the play that the prospect of success for a dance hall in a poor, Southern town during the Depression, over the Christmas holidays, when people spend time with family, is unlikely. But it's Hooker's pipe dream that keeps him alive when he says, "Hey, look, it's Christmas Eve. People are so lonely out there you can smell it rotting on 'em. Here at The Lucky Spot we'll be selling hot music, fine dancing, and sweet solace of kind hearted women." The stakes are raised even higher when Whitt Carmichael, a wealthy, well-dressed man in his thirties, comes to town and informs Hooker that the property he won from his relative has a lien on it and unless he pays him three hundred and fifty dollars for it by January 1st, the property belongs to him. The prospect for success narrows even further when Lacey Rollins, 30ish with fading good looks, one of the Taxi Dancers Hooker hired to work at The Lucky Spot, emerges from the living quarters to inform the others that the rest of the dancers have fled on account of the news that Hooker's estranged wife, Sue Jack Tiller Hooker, has been released from prison early and is headed back there. Sue Jack's reputation precedes her having served time for throwing a woman over a second floor balcony when she found her in bed with her husband.

Reinforcement and Punishment in Our Daily Life Essay Example for Free

Reinforcement and Punishment in Our Daily Life Essay Reinforcement is a term in operant conditioning and behaviour analysis for the delivery of a stimulus, (immediately or shortly) after a response, that results in an increase in the future rate or probability of that response. The response strength is assessed by measuring frequency, duration, latency, accuracy, and/or persistence of the response after reinforcement stops. Experimental behaviour analysts measured the rate of behaviours as a primary demonstration of learning and performance with non-humans. For example, rate is measured as the number of times a pigeon pecks a key in a 10 minute session. Reinforcement is the stimulus, event, or situation whose presentation is dependent upon a response. B. F. Skinner, the researcher who articulated the major theoretical constructs of reinforcement and behaviourism, defined reinforcement according to the change in response strength rather than to more subjective criteria, such as what is pleasurable or valuable to someone. Accordingly, activities, foods or items considered pleasant or enjoyable may not necessarily be reinforcing (because they produce no increase in the response preceding them). Stimuli, settings, and activities only fit the definition of reinforcement if the behaviour that immediately precedes the potential reinforcement increases in similar situations in the future. For example child who receives a cookie when he or she asks for one. If the frequency of cookie-requesting behaviour increases, the cookie can be seen as reinforcing cookie-requesting behaviour. If however, cookie-requesting behaviour does not increase, the cookie cannot be considered reinforcing. Reinforcement theory is one of the motivation theories; it states that reinforced behaviour will be repeated, and behaviour that is not reinforced is less likely to be repeated. The sole criterion that determines if an item, activity, or food is reinforcing is the change in probability of behaviour after administration of that potential reinforcement. Other theories may focus on additional factors such as whether the person expected the strategy to work at some point, but in the behavioural theory, reinforcement is descriptive of an increased probability of a response. Primary reinforcement A primary reinforcement, sometimes called an unconditioned reinforcement, is a stimulus that does not require pairing to function as reinforcement and most likely has obtained this function through the evolution and its role in species survival. Examples of primary reinforcement include sleep, food, air, water, and sex. Other primary reinforcement, such as certain drugs, may mimic the effects of other primary reinforcement. While this primary reinforcement is fairly stable through life and across individuals, the reinforcing value of different primary reinforcement varies due to multiple factors (e. . , genetics, experience). Thus, one person may prefer one type of food while another abhors it. Or one person may eat lots of food while another eats very little. So even though food is a primary reinforcement for both individuals, the value of food as reinforcement differs between them. Secondary reinforcement A secondary reinforcement, sometimes called a conditioned reinforcement, is a stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as reinforcement after pairing with a stimulus that functions as reinforcement. This stimulus may be a primary reinforcement or another conditioned reinforcement (such as money). An example of a secondary reinforcement would be the sound from a clicker, as used in clicker training. The sound of the clicker has been associated with praise or treats, and subsequently, the sound of the clicker may function as reinforcement. As with primary reinforces, an organism can experience satiation and deprivation with secondary reinforces. 3. 1 Increase of desire Positive reinforcement A positive reinforcement may be used as part of a behaviour intervention plan (BIP). Unlike negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement are strategies used to help increase targeted behaviours in students who are experiencing academic or behavioural problems at home and school. How is Positive Reinforcement Used? Positive reinforcement helps students learn behaviours necessary to be successful academically and socially. For example, a students behaviour goal may be to increase the amount of time he stays on-task in class. Positive reinforcement would be used as a reward for improving over a period of time. Positive reinforcement includes any actions, consequences, or rewards that are provided to a student and cause an increase in desired behaviour. They may include rewards and privileges that students like and enjoy. For example, a student may earn physical rewards such as school supplies, healthy snacks, or choice of free-time activities. When choosing a positive reinforcement, it is important for the IEP team to know the child well. If possible, it can be helpful to allow the child to help choose the type of positive reinforcement he would like to earn. Examples: Positive reinforcement increase a students targeted behaviours. Positive reinforcement is similar to rewards, but they are also intended to increase behaviours over time. They are not just a one-time reward for good behaviour. 3. 2 Drawbacks of Positive Reinforcement Positive reinforcement may seem to be an ideal technique to increase certain positive behaviours. Managers may be able to motivated employees using positive reinforcement techniques. However, there can be some drawbacks. First, the use of positive reinforcement techniques may result in people becoming more extrinsically motivated. Extrinsic motivation may undermine creativity. In Amabiles (1985) experiment, people were asked to write two poems. Before writing the second poem, some people were given a questionnaire in which they were asked to rank the importance of some reasons for writing. In one condition, these reflected extrinsic motivation. In another condition, they reflected intrinsic motivation. In the control condition, people did not receive a questionnaire with reasons for writing. The poems in the extrinsic-orientation condition were judged to be less creative, on the average, than the poems in the control condition. Second, the ideal employee may be one who is intrinsically motivated and does not require constant supervision. Intrinsically motivated employees may be less likely to be late. They also may be more likely to excel at their jobs. Thus, positive reinforcement techniques may not lead to ideal employees in a company. 3. 3 Effect of Positive reinforcement for children Positive Reinforcement Can Improve Your Childs Behaviour: Using positive reinforcement is an easy way to nix behaviour problems. You can use positive reinforcement can help you encourage your child to do everyday tasks you need her to perform. Turning off an annoying song when a child asks their parent is an example of negative reinforcement (if this results in an increase in asking behaviour of the child in the future). Another example is if a mouse presses a button to avoid shock. Do not confuse this concept with punishment. There are two variations of negative reinforcement: oAvoidance conditioning occurs when behaviour prevents an aversive stimulus from starting or being applied. oEscape conditioning occurs when behaviour removes an aversive stimulus that has already started. A lot of students are confused about negative reinforcement. Whats the difference between that and punishment? Perhaps some examples of negative reinforcement would be helpful (remember, its reinforcement so the behavior increases, and because its negative, the reinforcement is removed after the response). Negative Reinforcement strengthens behaviour because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behaviour. Punishment, on the other hand, weakens behaviour because a negative condition is introduced or experienced as a consequence of the behaviour. Here are two examples of Negative Reinforcement: 1. A rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical shock on its feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops. The rats behaviour of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of the stopping of the shock. 2. Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and dont run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic.

The Supreme Court Essay -- Supreme Court Governmental Congress Essays

The Supreme Court At the apex of our federal court system stands the United States Supreme Court. It stands as the ultimate authority in constitutional interpretation and its decision can be changed only by a constitutional amendment. Two documents are responsible for its creation which is the Constitution, which explicitly creates the Supreme Court, and the Judiciary Act of September 24, 1789. The Supreme Court is the only court named in the constitution laying out the Courts basic jurisdiction, identifying the mode of selection and tenure for justices. Under Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution provides that "[t]he judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." Article III establishes the Court as the chief authority of the judicial branch making it equal to the executive and legislative branches (Lieberman, 2003, p 3). The Judiciary Act of 1789 not only set up the federal court system and used the Court’s jurisdiction under the Constitution as a basis for granting it broad powers that are recognized everywhere. According to Abraham (1983), â€Å"There is no gainsaying the importance and the majesty of the most powerful of courts, not only in the United States, but the entire free world (p. 19).† The French political observer Alexis de Tocqueville noted the uniqueness of the Supreme Courts in the history of nations and jurisprudence. He stated, â€Å"The representative system of government has been adopted in several states of Europe, but I am unaware that any nation of the globe has hitherto organized judicial power in the same manner as the Americans. . . . A more imposing judicial power was never constituted by any people (qtd in Abraham, 1983, p. 27). Issues as the number of justices, their qualifications and their duties have been settled by law and tradition rather than being specified in the Constitution (Baum, 1992, p. 13). The Courts composition was addressed in the Judiciary Act of 1789 under Section 1 stating â€Å"That the Supreme Court of the United States shall consist of a chief justice and five associate justices. . . â€Å". The number of justices changed several times during the Courts first century. A number of changes were to the number of justices after the Judiciary Act of 1789 in part to accommodate the justices’ duties in... ...embers are crucial in affecting the interpretations of the Constitution and important amendments relevant to citizens (Champion, 2003, p. 203). References Abraham, H. (1983). The Judiciary: The Supreme Court in the Governmental Process (6th ed). Newton, MA: Allyn and Bacon Inc. Baum, L. (1992). The Supreme Court. (4th ed). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc. Champion, D. (2003). Administration of Criminal Justice: Structure, Function and Process. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Lieberman, J. Supreme Court of the United States. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2003. Retrieved 22 September from the World Wide Web: http://encarta.msn.com Supreme Court Cases. Retrieved 17 September 2003 from the World Wide Web: http://www.findlaw.com/casecode/index.html The History of the Supreme Court. Retrieved 12 September 2003 from the World Wide Web: http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supremecourt/supcthist.html Van Dervort, T. (2000). American Law and the Legal System: Equal Justice under the Law. (2nd ed). Albany, NY: West Legal Studies Zalman, M. (2002). Criminal Procedure: Constitution and Society. (3rd ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry

Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry The influence of Christianity came to England from Ireland with the arrival of St. Augustine’mission. The ancient vernacular poetry unredeemed in its worldliness and paganism was sanctified by the Christianization of England. In consequence there was a marked change in the content and emotion of English poetry while leaving it form and general technique unaltered. Instead of seeking themes common to old-Germanic the Christianized Anglo-Saxons adopted a new world of Latin Christianity along with themes and attitudes common to entire Christian world.This enabled the Anglo-Saxon poets to work on Biblical stories, associating them with Hebrew imagination. The special class of poetry which is called Christian poetry and this religious poetry flourished in about the 8th century in North England. Alliterative verse came to the aid of clerkly Latin to give expression of the faith of the Laity and make it popular. The subject of the poet’s song is no w the story of Christ and the deeds of saintly heroes. Caedmon The English poet who took the first attempt to write poems on Christian themes was Caedmon.What scholars know of Caedmon's life comes from Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. He is known best during the time fl. 658-680 AD. , and Bede tells us that he was an illiterate herdsman to a monastery of Whitby who one night in a dream learned how to sing beautiful Christian verses praising God's name. Following his dream, Caedmon became the foremost Christian poets. Earlier he had so little gift of song that he used to leave the feast when he found the harp approaching him he used to leave the feast.One night as he lay asleep in the stable a mysterious being appeared to him in his dreams and commanded him to sing. At his bidding Caedmon at once sang in praise of the Lord, the Creator, verses which he had never heard before. When he awoke he remembered these verses and made others like them. Thus the unlettered C aedmon was miraculously transformed into the first religious poet of England. Caedmon is remembered today for his poetic paraphrases of The Bible.He paraphrased in verse the book of Geneis, Exodus, Daniel and Judith. He is supposed to have sung about  creation of the world, the origin of man, his reign, of exodus, the incarnation, the crucifixion, the resurrection of Christ, the ascension of Christ into heaven, the advent of the Holy Ghost and the teaching of the apostles. He also sang of future judgement, the horrors of hell and the joys of heaven. Research and scholarship however, no longer admit all the poems attributed to Caedmon by Bede to be directly his work excepting the nine-lined poem quoted by Bede in his account of Caedmon’s first inspiration. Genesis A and B The most interesting of the poems in the Junius Manuscript is Genesis.Genesis A of 3000 lines is an account of Satan’s rebellion against God and his fall with the angels into Hell, narrating the subs tance of the first 22 chapters of the Biblical book of Genesis. The poem contains an interpolated passage of 600 lines strikingly different in language and style from the main body of the poem. This has been named Genesis B, a rudimentary Paradise Lost, describing the temptation of Adam and Eve, their Fall and Satan’s rebellion Exodus It relates to the escape of the Israelites and the destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea.It is boldly and vigorously written and has an older Epic note. It is written more in the convention of heroic poetry rather than scriptural lore. Exodus brings a traditional â€Å"heroic style† to its biblical subject-matter. Moses is treated as a general, and military imagery pervades the battle scenes. The destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea is narrated in much the same way as a formulaic battle scene from other Old English poems Daniel Daniel, as it is preserved, is 764 lines long. There have been numerous arguments that there was or iginally more to this poem than survives today.It is a paraphrase of the first five chapters of the Biblical book of Daniel. The poet uses his materials for homiletic purposes and tries to inculcate such Christian virtue. The primary focus of the Old English author was that of The Three Youths, Daniel and their encounters with the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II. Prosaic in tone, it also bears an interpolatory passage relating to the poem of Azariah. Judith The finest of the poem attributed to Caedmon is Judith of which a fragment of 350 lines, survive. It is a perfect poem full of action and passion.The Old English poem â€Å"Judith† describes the beheading of Assyrian general Holofernes by Israelite Judith of Bethulia. It is found in the same manuscript as the heroic poem Beowulf, the Nowell Codex, dated ca. 975-1025. The Old English poem is one of many retellings of the Holofernes-Judith tale as it was found in the Book of Judith, still present in the Catholic and Orthod ox Christian Bibles. What is certain about the origin of the poem is that it stems from the Book of Judith. After the Reformation, the Book of Judith was removed from the Protestant Bible.However, it is still present in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles. Similar to Beowulf, Judith conveys a moral tale of heroic triumph over monstrous beings. Both moral and political, the poem tells of a brave woman’s efforts to save and protect her people. Judith is depicted as an exemplar woman, grounded by ideal morale, probity, courage, and religious conviction. Judith's character is rendered blameless and virtuous, and her beauty is praised persistently throughout the poem.Cynaewulf Beside Caedmon, the other most important Old-English religious poet is Cynaewulf. Cynewulf lived roughly c.770-840 AD, yet very little is known about his life. The only information scholars have on Cynewulf's life is what they can discover from his poetry. Two of Cynewulf's signed poems were disco vered in the Vercelli Book, which includes Cynewulf's holy cross poem â€Å"Elene† as well as Dream of the Rood. Where many scholars will argue that all of the poems in the Vercelli are in fact Cynewulf's, the noted German scholar Franz Dietrich demonstrates that the similarities between Cynewulf's â€Å"Elene† and The Dream of the Rood reveals that the two must have been authored by the same individual.The four poems attributed to him trough his runic signatures are Christ. Juliana, Elene and The Fate of the Apostles. Unsigned poems attributed to him or his school are Andreas, St. Guthlac, The Phoenix, The Dream of the Rood. The four poems, like a substantial portion of Anglo-Saxon poetry, are sculpted in alliterative verse. All four poems draw upon Latin sources such as homilies and hagiographies (the lives of saints) for their content, and this is to be particularly contrasted to other Old English poems, e. g.Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel, which are drawn directly fro m the Bible as opposed to secondary accounts. Christ Of all his works the most important and popular poem is Christ, a fragmentary didactic poem in three parts – the first celebrating the Nativity, the second Ascension and the third Doomsday, narrating the torments of the wicked and the joys of the redeemed. Andreas and Guthlac These are poems related to lives of Saints. The first narrates the story of the adventures and sufferings and success of St. Andreas in his travels related to missionary work. Juliana and EleneThese are legendary stories of St. Juliana and the discovery of the True Cross by the mother of Emperor Constantine, St. Helena. They are poems with little artistic merit except for their adventurous element and the rareness in Anglo-Saxon poetry of being dedicated to women. In terms of length, Elene is by far the longest poem of Cynewulf’s corpus at 1,321 lines. It is followed by Juliana, at 731 lines, Christ II, at 427 lines, and The Fates of the Apostle s, at a brisk 122 lines. Three of the poems are â€Å"martyrolical,† in that the central character(s) in each die/suffer for their religious values.In Elene, Saint Helena endures her quest to find the Holy Cross and spread Christianity; in Juliana, the title character dies after she refuses to marry a pagan man, thus retaining her Christian integrity; in Fates of the Apostles, the speaker creates a song that meditates on the deaths of the apostles which they â€Å"joyously faced. † Elene and Juliana fit in the category of poems that depict the lives of saints. These two poems along with Andreas and Guthlac (parts A and B) constitute the only versified saints' legends in the Old English vernacular.The Ascension (Christ II) is outside the umbrella of the other three works, and is a vehement description of a devotional subject. The exact chronology of the poems is not known. One argument asserts that Elene is likely the last of the poems because the â€Å"autobiographica l† epilogue implies that Cynewulf is old at the time of composition, but this view has been doubted. Nevertheless, it seems that Christ II and Elene represent the cusp of Cynewulf’s career, while Juliana and Fates of the Apostles seem to be created by a less inspired, and perhaps less mature, poet.The Fates of the Apostles It deals with the various Christian Gospels in an Elegiac manner. It is the shortest of Cynewulf’s known canon at 122 lines long. It is a brief martyrology of the Twelve Apostles written in the standard alliterative verse. The Fates recites the key events that subsequently befell each apostle after the Ascension. It is possible that The Fates was composed as a learning aid to the monasteries. Cynewulf speaks in the first-person throughout the poem, and besides explaining the fate of each disciple, he provides â€Å"advice† and â€Å"consolation† to the reader.Cynewulf’s runic signature is scrambled in this poem so that the meaning of the runes become a riddle with no unequivocal meaning. Runic signature All four of Cynewulf's poems contain passages where the letters of the poet’s name are woven into the text using runic symbols that also double as meaningful ideas pertinent to the text. In Juliana and Elene, the interwoven name is spelled in the more recognizable form as Cynewulf, while in Fates and Christ II it is observed without the medial e so the runic acrostic says Cynwulf.The practice of claiming authorship over one’s poems was a break from the tradition of the anonymous poet, where no composition was viewed as being owned by its creator. Cynewulf devised a tradition where authorship would connote ownership of the piece and an originality that would be respected by future generations. Furthermore, by integrating his name, Cynewulf was attempting to retain the structure and form of his poetry that would â€Å"undergo mutations† otherwise. From a different perspective, Cynewu lf’s intent may not have been to claim authorship, but to â€Å"seek the prayers of others for the safety of his soul.†It is contended that Cynewulf wished to be remembered in the prayers of his audience in return for the pleasure they would derive from his poems. In a sense his expectation of a spiritual reward can be contrasted with the material reward that other poets of his time would have expected for their craft. The Phoenix The poem is about a mythical bird which burnt itself to be reborn from its own ashes, symbolic of Christian soul. The Dream of the Rood The poem is set up with the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified.The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections. In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautiful stones it is stained with blood In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus’ death. The Crucifixion story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away.The tree learns that it is to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead the Christ comes to be crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the Passion—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just like with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver. It is honored above all trees just as Jesus is honored above all men.The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author give s his reflections about this vision. The vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross. It is the finest of religious poems in OE, the finest narrative of the Passion in medieval verse (late 7th century, later modified; preserved in the Vercelli Book). The tree of which the Cross was made relates the story the first English dream-poem Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry The influence of Christianity came to England from Ireland with the arrival of St. Augustine’mission. The ancient vernacular poetry unredeemed in its worldliness and paganism was sanctified by the Christianization of England. In consequence there was a marked change in the content and emotion of English poetry while leaving it form and general technique unaltered.Instead of seeking themes common to old-Germanic the Christianized Anglo-Saxons adopted a new world of Latin Christianity along with themes and attitudes common to entire Christian world. This enabled the Anglo-Saxon poets to work on Biblical stories, associating them with Hebrew imagination. The special class of poetry which is called Christian poetry and this religious poetry flourished in about the 8th century in North England. Alliterative verse came to the aid of clerkly Latin to give expression of the faith of the Laity and make it popular. The subject of the poet’s song is now the story of Christ and the deeds of saintly heroes.CaedmonThe English poet who took the first attempt to write poems on Christian themes was Caedmon. What scholars know of Caedmon's life comes from Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. He is known best during the time fl. 658-680 AD., and Bede tells us that he was an illiterate herdsman to a monastery of Whitby who one night in a dream learned how to sing beautiful Christian verses praising God's name. Following his dream, Caedmon became the foremost Christian poets. Earlier he had so little gift of song that he used to leave the feast when he found the harp approaching him he used to leave the feast. One night as he lay asleep in the stable a mysterious being appeared to him in his dreams and commanded him to sing.At his bidding Caedmon at once sang in praise of the Lord, the Creator, verses which he had never heard before. When he awoke he remembered these verses and made others like them. Thus the unlettered Caedmon was miraculously transfo rmed into the first religious poet of England. Caedmon is remembered today for his poetic paraphrases of The Bible. He paraphrased in verse the book of Geneis, Exodus, Daniel and Judith. He is supposed to have sung about  creation of the world, the origin of man, his reign, of exodus, the incarnation, the crucifixion, the resurrection of Christ, the ascension of Christ into heaven, the advent of the Holy Ghost and the teaching of the apostles.He also sang of future judgement, the horrors of hell and the joys of heaven. Research and scholarship however, no longer admit all the poems attributed to Caedmon by Bede to be directly his work excepting the nine-lined poem quoted by Bede in his account of Caedmon’s first inspiration.Genesis A and BThe most interesting of the poems in the Junius Manuscript is Genesis. Genesis A of 3000 lines is an account of Satan’s rebellion against God and his fall with the angels into Hell, narrating the substance of the first 22 chapters o f the Biblical book of Genesis. The poem contains an interpolated passage of 600 lines strikingly different in language and style from the main body of the poem. This has been named Genesis B, a rudimentary Paradise Lost, describing the temptation of Adam and Eve, their Fall and Satan’s rebellionExodusIt relates to the escape of the Israelites and the destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea. It is boldly and vigorously written and has an older Epic note. It is written more in the convention of heroic poetry rather than scriptural lore. Exodus brings a traditional â€Å"heroic style† to its biblical subject-matter. Moses is treated as a general, and military imagery pervades the battle scenes. The destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea is narrated in much the same way as a formulaic battle scene from other Old English poemsDanielDaniel, as it is preserved, is 764 lines long. There have been numerous arguments that there was originally more to this poem than sur vives today.It is a paraphrase of the first five chapters of the Biblical book of Daniel. The poet uses his materials for homiletic purposes and tries to inculcate such Christian virtue. The primary focus of the Old English author was that of The Three Youths, Daniel and their encounters with the Babylonian king  Nebuchadnezzar II. Prosaic in tone, it also bears an interpolatory passage relating to the poem of Azariah.JudithThe finest of the poem attributed to Caedmon is Judith of which a fragment of 350 lines, survive. It is a perfect poem full of action and passion. The Old English poem â€Å"Judith† describes the beheading of Assyrian general Holofernes by Israelite Judith of Bethulia. It is found in the same manuscript as the heroic poem Beowulf, the Nowell Codex, dated ca. 975-1025. The Old English poem is one of many retellings of the Holofernes-Judith tale as it was found in the Book of Judith, still present in the Catholic and Orthodox Christian Bibles.What is certa in about the origin of the poem is that it stems from the Book of Judith. After the Reformation, the Book of Judith was removed from the Protestant Bible. However, it is still present in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles.Similar to Beowulf, Judith conveys a moral tale of heroic triumph over monstrous beings. Both moral and political, the poem tells of a brave woman’s efforts to save and protect her people. Judith is depicted as an exemplar woman, grounded by ideal morale, probity, courage, and religious conviction. Judith's character is rendered blameless and virtuous, and her beauty is praised persistently throughout the poem.CynaewulfBeside Caedmon, the other most important Old-English religious poet is Cynaewulf. Cynewulf lived roughly c. 770-840 AD, yet very little is known about his life.The only information scholars have on Cynewulf's life is what they can discover from his poetry. Two of Cynewulf's signed poems were discovered in the Vercelli Book, which i ncludes Cynewulf's holy cross poem â€Å"Elene† as well as Dream of the Rood.Where many scholars will argue that all of the poems in the Vercelli are in fact Cynewulf's, the noted German scholar Franz Dietrich demonstrates that the similarities between Cynewulf's â€Å"Elene† and The Dream of the Rood reveals that the two must have been authored by the same individual. The four poems attributed to him trough his runic signatures are Christ. Juliana, Elene and The Fate of the Apostles.Unsigned poems attributed to him or his school are Andreas, St. Guthlac, The Phoenix, The Dream of the Rood. The four poems, like a substantial portion of Anglo-Saxon poetry, are sculpted in alliterative verse. All four poems draw upon Latin sources such as homilies and hagiographies (the lives of saints) for their content, and this is to be particularly contrasted to other Old English poems, e.g. Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel, which are drawn directly from the Bible as opposed to secondary accounts.ChristOf all his works the most important and popular poem is Christ, a fragmentary didactic poem in three parts – the first celebrating the Nativity, the second Ascension and the third Doomsday, narrating the torments of the wicked and the joys of the redeemed.Andreas and GuthlacThese are poems related to lives of Saints. The first narrates the story of the adventures and sufferings and success of St. Andreas in his travels related to missionary work.Juliana and EleneThese are legendary stories of St. Juliana and the discovery of the True Cross by the mother of Emperor Constantine, St. Helena. They are poems with little artistic merit except for their adventurous element and the rareness in Anglo-Saxon poetry of being dedicated to women. In terms of length, Elene is by far the longest poem of Cynewulf’s corpus at 1,321 lines. It is followed by Juliana, at 731 lines, Christ II, at 427 lines, and The Fates of the Apostles, at a brisk 122 lines. Three of the poe ms are â€Å"martyrolical,† in that the central character(s) in each die/suffer for their religious values.In Elene, Saint Helena endures her quest to find the Holy Cross and spread Christianity; in Juliana, the title character dies after she refuses to marry a pagan man, thus retaining her Christian integrity; in Fates of the Apostles, the speaker creates a song that meditates on the deaths of the apostles which they â€Å"joyously faced.† Elene and Juliana fit in the category of poems that depict the lives of saints. These two poems along with Andreas  and Guthlac (parts A and B) constitute the only versified saints' legends in the Old English vernacular.The Ascension (Christ II) is outside the umbrella of the other three works, and is a vehement description of a devotional subject. The exact chronology of the poems is not known. One argument asserts that Elene is likely the last of the poems because the â€Å"autobiographical† epilogue implies that Cynewulf is old at the time of composition, but this view has been doubted. Nevertheless, it seems that Christ II and Elene represent the cusp of Cynewulf’s career, while Juliana and Fates of the Apostles seem to be created by a less inspired, and perhaps less mature, poet. The Fates of the ApostlesIt deals with the various Christian Gospels in an Elegiac manner. It is the shortest of Cynewulf’s known canon at 122 lines long. It is a brief martyrology of the Twelve Apostles written in the standard alliterative verse. The Fates recites the key events that subsequently befell each apostle after the Ascension. It is possible that The Fates was composed as a learning aid to the monasteries. Cynewulf speaks in the first-person throughout the poem, and besides explaining the fate of each disciple, he provides â€Å"advice† and â€Å"consolation† to the reader. Cynewulf’s runic signature is scrambled in this poem so that the meaning of the runes become a riddle w ith no unequivocal meaning.Runic signatureAll four of Cynewulf's poems contain passages where the letters of the poet’s name are woven into the text using runic symbols that also double as meaningful ideas pertinent to the text. In Juliana and Elene, the interwoven name is spelled in the more recognizable form as Cynewulf, while in Fates and Christ II it is observed without the medial e so the runic acrostic says Cynwulf. The practice of claiming authorship over one’s poems was a break from the tradition of the anonymous poet, where no composition was viewed as being owned by its creator. Cynewulf devised a tradition where authorship would connote ownership of the piece and an originality that would be respected by future generations.Furthermore, by integrating his name, Cynewulf was attempting to retain the structure and form of his poetry that would â€Å"undergo mutations† otherwise. From a different perspective, Cynewulf’s intent may not have been to claim authorship, but to â€Å"seek the  prayers of others for the safety of his soul.† It is contended that Cynewulf wished to be remembered in the prayers of his audience in return for the pleasure they would derive from his poems. In a sense his expectation of a spiritual reward can be contrasted with the material reward that other poets of his time would have expected for their craft.The PhoenixThe poem is about a mythical bird which burnt itself to be reborn from its own ashes, symbolic of Christian soul.The Dream of the RoodThe poem is set up with the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections. In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautif ul stones it is stained with blood In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus’ death.The Crucifixion story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away. The tree learns that it is to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead the Christ comes to be crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the Passion—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just like with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver. It is honored above all trees just as Jesus is honored above all men.The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author gives his reflections about this vision. Th e vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross. It is the finest of religious poems in OE, the finest narrative of the Passion in medieval verse (late 7th century, later modified; preserved in the Vercelli Book). The tree of which the Cross was made relates the story the first English dream-poem  Christ is portrayed as a young Germanic hero:Long years ago (well yet I remember)   They hewed me down on the edge of the holt, Severed my trunk; strong foemen took me, For a spectacle wrought me, a gallows for rogues. High on their shoulders they bore me to hilltop, Fastened me firmly, an army of foes!   ‘Then I saw the King of all mankind In brave mood hastening to mount upon me. Refuse I dared not, nor bow nor break, Though I felt earth's confines shudder in fear; All foes I might fell, yet still I stood fast.   ‘T hen the young Warrior, God, the All-Wielder, Put off his raiment, steadfast and strong; With lordly mood in the sight of many He mounted the Cross to redeem mankind. When the hero clasped me I trembled in terror,   But I dared not bow me nor bend to earth; I must need stand fast. Upraised as the Rood I held the High King, the Lord of Heaven. I dared not bow! with black nails driven Those sinners pierced me; the prints are clear,   The open wounds. I dared injure none. They mocked us both. I was wet with blood From the Hero's side when He sent forth His spirit. ‘Many a bale I bore on that hill-side Seeing the Lord in agony outstretched.   Black darkness covered with clouds God's body, That radiant splendor. Shadow went forth Wan under heaven; all creation wept Bewailing the King's death. Christ was on the Cross.It appears from a survey of Old English Christian poetry that the poets chiefly aimed at popularizing the holy writ and only occasionally added pious commentaries to the original.

comparative essays - 1256 Words

Introduction Many people today have their thoughts on how the Earth was created. Christians take a biblical perspective of how the universe was created by a creator. One thought that Christians believe is that God created the earth and accomplished this in six days and rested on the seventh day. This is the model of how a week is set up and the model that we currently follow. Jon W. Green states â€Å"though differences of opinion exist for various doctrinal issues within Christianity, few are more divisive than controversies surrounding the days of creation and the age of the Earth.† As stated previously many people have thoughts and are curious as to how the Earth itself came into existence. When it comes to the scientific community there†¦show more content†¦(Mortenson, 2011) Young Earth Creationist believe in the idea of the Hebrew word Yom. (Morris, 2011) This word translates to mean a literal day and is used in Genesis to describe each day of creation. We as Christians must take the Bible as true, this being the whole bible including the Old Testament. In regards to the age of the Earth, young earth creationist take Genesis 5 as a genealogy of the Earth. The genealogies of Genesis 5 as well as 11 give people an idea of the years and happenings from Adam to Abraham. Scholars can mostly agree that Abraham lived about 2000 BC. All of these facts then set the date of creation at approximately 6000 years ago. (Mortenson, 2011) Old - Earth View In response to the young earth six day creation of the Earth idea, secular scientist have developed the idea of the Big Bang theory. According to the big bang theory, the universe began by expanding from a minuscule volume that possessed extremely high density as well as extreme temperatures. Initially the universe was significantly smaller than a pore on your skin. (Takahashi, 2000 ) It is thought that this happened about 10-20 billion years ago. According to Yuki D. Takahasi (2000) in his article â€Å"Big Bang: How did the Universe begin?† He states 3 main observations that point to truth in the Big Bang Theory. Number one is astronomers have found that the universe continues to expand which means that theShow MoreRelated comparative advantage Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The theory of comparative advantage is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. As the economies that exist in our world our becoming increasingly more intertwined, it is becoming even more important. Nearly every country in the world depends on other countries to supply them with goods that they cannot produce in their own country. I believe that comparative in necessary in today’s economy. In this paper I am going to discuss comparative advantage and it’s effectRead MoreComparative Advantage - Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesSurname: Salmon First name: Tati Student number : 12421179 Does the idea of comparative advantage provide a good explanation of current patterns of international trade? For the last two centuries the international trade evolved a lot and many economists tried to explain it. One of the first theories that attempted to explain the international trade pattern was the Absolute advantage theory. A.Smith was a great economist; he is the one who created this theory. For A. Smith countries should specializeRead More Challenging Comparative Advantage Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesComparative advantage is a principle developed by David Ricardo in the early 19th century to explain the benefits of mutual trade (Carbaugh, 2008). Many underlying assumptions of comparative advantage depend on states of economic equilibrium and an absence of economy of scale. 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While the Young Earth viewpoint has remained constant and unchanged throughout the centuries the Old Earth view seems to be continually evolving as new discoveriesRead MoreComparative Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Narrative in Fiction and Non-Fiction In this comparative essay, I will be comparing the short story, (1)Jose Armas’, â€Å"A Delicate Balance† and a non-fiction work, (2) Philip Ross’, â€Å" The Boy and the Bank Officer†. These works are very interesting to read and I was able to understand the theme that each author was trying to get across to the readers. I chose these works based on their similar plot, similar characters, and their unique conclusions. These two works were also a joy to readRead MoreComparative Politics Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesway to test theory. (Peters, 1998) This essay seeks to describe the different aspects of the ‘art of comparing’ and also to detail the reasons why the comparative method is a necessary tool in the belt of any political scientist. Comparative politics is one of three main subfields in political science, alongside political theory and international relations. While political theory deals with theoretical issues about democracy, justice et cetera, comparative politics deals with more empirical questionsRead MoreComparative Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Aung San Suu Kyi’s excerpt from â€Å"In Quest with Democracy† and Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Aung San Suu Kyis and Martin Luther King Jr. are among the great activists the world has ever witnessed who have gallantly championed for the liberation of the masses from oppressing institutions and systems of power. Both authors had rooted their campaigns in the tenets of their religious faith, which endeared themselves with the masses. Change is inevitable and their effortsRead MoreComparative Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesNataly Morales Villa Dr. Pearson English 1101 29 September 2014 Plato’s Allegory and Benjamin Franklin’s Temple of Learning Set in 390 B.C. and 1799, Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and Benjamin Franklin’s Temple of Learning demonstrate more contrasting than similar ideas on the topic of education. The two literary works are profoundly analyzed by modern society and are part of group discussions throughout school classrooms. Each author has a specific way of getting his point across. The Allegory